The presence of sizable boulders can be established with some confidence from high resolution geophysical surveys. The important question that remains is: Will a boulder of a given size damage the monopile during installation and will minor tip damage then grow? Depending on the set of conditions, the boulder may simply be moved out of the path of the advancing monopile. At the other extreme of the potential outcomes is a severely damaged monopile that may not be possible to install to target depth, let alone provide a safe and reliable foundation for the offshore wind turbine. This contribution draws on evidence from centrifuge model testing and numerical modelling to inform a framework originally established for dense sand conditions to evaluate the potential and expected severity of damage in a different soil type.
5th International Symposium on Frontiers in Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG2025)
6 - Pile Installation Challenges and Decommissioning in sands and clays: monopiles, anchor piles, pin piles